when was john mcdouall stuart born
Chambers Pillar, a well known landmark in Central Australia; discovered by John McDouall Stuart on April 6th, 1860. [7] Stuart knew that he would be able to travel further and faster by only going with a small group. Stuart was presented with the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal for 1861.[11]. Waterhouse was a naturalist who would be able to keep a scientific notes of their discoveries. He gums had become so sore and his teeth so loose that he could only eat flour boiled in water. At much the same time, the wealthy rival colony Victoria was preparing the biggest and most lavishly equipped expedition in Australia's history; the Victorian Exploring Expedition, to be led by Robert O'Hara Burke. Australian explorer John McDouall Stuart was born on September 7, 1815, in Dysart (now Kirkcaldy), Scotland. They had headaches, their noses bled, and their skin began to turn black. Stuart was born on 7 September 1815, at Dysart, Fife, Scotland. [12] He lived with his sister Mary in Glasgow, Scotland. John McDouall Stuart's sixth and final expedition begun 23rd October 1861. Benjamin Head, veteran of the fourth expedition, was still too ill to accompany them. It may very well have been possible for Stuart to reach the north coast earlier if he had the Government support that Gregory, Babbage and Tolmer were granted. He was rewarded with the discovery of "a splendid sheet of water" 150 metres (492 ft) wide and 7 kilometres (4 mi) long which he named "Newcastle Water, after his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Secretary for the Colonies".[6]. From the Flinders Ranges, Stuart travelled west, passing to the south of Lake Torrens, then north along the western edge of Lake Torrens. [2]:31 They arrived back in Adelaide after six weeks hard travelling. John McDouall Stuart, c. 1860 In 1844, Stuart had the opportunity to join an exploring party led by Captain Charles Sturt. The country was very dry, and they could only find water in Aboriginal wells. The government sent Alexander Tolmer to lead the trip. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "Stuart, John McDouall (1815â1866) Biographical Entry", "The Peake Overland Telegraph Repeater Station", "The Demonstration to Mr. Stuart in Adelaide", The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889-1931), "Planting the flag on the shore of the Indian Ocean", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McDouall_Stuart&oldid=7300475, Articles with dead external links from January 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Stuart was a slight, delicately built young man, standing about 5' 6" tall (168 cm) and weighing less than 9 stone (about 54 kg). [5], The explorers made their way back to Adelaide as Burke and Wills were starting their journey north from Melbourne. He worked as a surveyor, particularly in remote areas. [2]:269 Stuart was in poor health and became blind. He was the son of army captain William Stuart and his wife Mary (née McDouall). Both men survived to return to Adelaide, but suffered greatly from scurvy. The town is now called Marree after the Aboriginal word for possum. Central Mount Stuart, which he reckoned to be the geographical centre of Australia, he had designated "Central Mount Sturt" to honour his friend Charles Sturt. He finally found a series of waterholes, creeks and rivers which meant the whole group were able to continue to the north. They dressed in their old clothes and rode into the city as heroes. In May 1858 they went through settled areas until they reached Oratunga Station, one of the most remote farms in South Australia. The children were separated and sent to live with different relatives. At "home" (as Australians still called Britain), public attention was focussed on the search for the source of the Nile, with the competing expeditions of Speke, Burton and Baker all contending for the honour of discovery. [4] This was given to the explorer Count Paul Strzelecki to take back to Australia. From there it would run overland for 3,000 kilometres south to Adelaide. However they did not leave Chambers Creek until 8 January 1862. [2]:75 These springs were mound springs; over thousands of years the salt in the water had formed small hills, and the water came out of them like water out of a volcano. Stuart spent the next five weeks searching for water. [2]:283, Stuart was in poor health, almost blind, and had a crippled right hand after the sixth trip. He had a full dark beard and sometimes wore moleskin trousers and an unfashionable long-tailed blue coat with brass buttons and cabbage-tree hat. Using his notes they were easily able to find water supplies and trees to make the poles. They found another creek (later named Attack Creek) but were blocked by heavy scrub. The statue is located in a heritage precinct near the old hospital. [16], Benjamin Head later said about Stuart "...that he was a born leader of men: the sharpest little fellow you would find in a year's march."[13]. He wrote: He returned in July with reports of "wonderful country"âan extraordinary description of territory that is now barely able to support a few cattle. He soon found work surveying in the area, and met William Finke and James Chambers. John had 8 siblings: Rawdon McDouall, William Sutherland McDouall and 6 other siblings. (1815–66). [5], James Chambers put forward a plan for Stuart and Kekwick to return north with a government-provided armed guard to see them past the difficulties at Attack Creek. He worked as a surveyor, particularly in remote areas. Working through the severe heat of summer, Stuart experienced trouble with his eyes because of the glare, and after some time enduring half rations, all but one of his men refused to leave camp. John McDouall Stuart was born on 7 September 1815 in Dysart, Fife - just north of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Descended from a family steeped in military service, Stuart was born in Dysart, Fife, Scotland, on 7th September 1815. McGorrey was a blacksmith who would be able to fix the shoes on the group's 78 horses. John McDouall Stuart BirthdayThursday, September 07, 1815 BirthplaceDysart, Fife, Scotland DiedTuesday, June 05, 1866 Occupation Explorer of Australia, Surveyor, Grazier. He pushed himself to the very limits of human endurance. Because of this, Stuart would not make his journals and maps available to the public. [2]:255 Auld later said that "...the mosquitos and flies were terrible. [5] He wrote on 16 May that "...I almost wished that death would come and relieve me from my fearful torture..." [5] The medicines he had with him did not help. Most Popular. That said, he didnât and was totally driven to reach the north coast despite illness and afflictions that arguably he had since arriving in South Australia and were to see him die at such an early age in England in 1866. [3] Stuart set out from John Chambers' station Oratunga, taking as companions two of Chambers' employees (a white man named Forster and a young Aboriginal man), half a dozen horses, and rations for six weeks, all provided by Chambers,[4] a pocket compass and a watch. He believed that a small group would have more success. John McDouall Stuart, one of the most important people associated with South Australian exploration, was born in Dysart, Fifeshire, Scotland, on 7 September 1815. The children were separated and sent to live with different relatives. John Mcdouall Stuart. On 1 January 1861, Stuart with a group of 12 men and 49 horses set off from Chambers Creek. Waterhouse had to leave all his carefully collected plants and animals. They turned south and went back to the Darling River. In 1911 the Commonwealth of Australia assumed responsibility for that area. Many horses died, and Stuart was again forced to leave behind equipment. Provisions were running short and both men and horses were in poor condition. His friends Chambers and Finke proposed an expedition led by Stuart, but instead the gov… They reached Newcastle Waters in three months, and then took a week to rest. He joined Charles Sturt on his 1844–46 expedition into the Australian interior. As the Society is entirely dependent upon volunteers, we are not able to perform research tasks. He found an isolated chain of semi-permanent waterholes which he named Chambers' Creek (now called Stuart Creek). Then, on 22 May, it rained. His father, William Stuart, had been a captain in … Stuart was educated at the Scottish Naval and Military Academy in Edinburgh. Stuart wrote in his diary that "My men have now lost all their former energy...and move about as if they were a hundred years old. :14 His parents died when he was ten years old. Sturt 15 years earlier â the riddle of the nature of the centre of the great Australian continent. Stuart set out on his third attempt to cross Australia on 25 October 1861. Public exploration mania had cooled considerably. The line from England had already reached India and plans were being made to extend it to the major population centres of Australia in Victoria and New South Wales. Stuart left Oratunga Station on 2 April 1859,[2]:73 with a small group, three men and 14 horses. On 2 March 1860 the three men left Chambers Creek, aiming to find the centre of Australia. The South Australian government offered a prize of £2,000 to the first person to cross Australia from the south to the north. [2]:225 He learned about the deaths of Burke and Wills at Cooper Creek. It later became crucially important as a staging post for expeditions to the arid centre of the continent. Sturt had to be carried in a cart, and Stuart, crippled with scurvy and beriberi, looked like a skeleton. Euphemia was born circa 1780, in France. It is sad to see them..."[2]:166 Stuart wrote in his diary that sores on his hands had made them to painful to be used and he could only just sit in the saddle. Stuart was born on 7 September 1815 in Scotland, the son of an army captain. Stuart's discoveries opened up the country for the growth of farming sheep and cattle. Explorer of South Australia. [17] In 2011 his grave in Kensal Green cemetery, London, was refurbished to its former glory. [2]:25 Stuart and James Poole, the second in command, were sent out ahead of the main group to find water. [2]:238 Stuart left some of the supplies behind and cut the amount each man was allowed to eat. 9 Campden Hill Square. [4] The men he took with him included a Bavarian naturalist and artist, David Herrgott, and Louis Müller, a stockman and botanist. [8]:121 From here Stuart tried to go northwest to reach the Victoria River. He and his Companions had crossed the continent from south to north. Strehlow, reader in Australian Linguistics, University of Adelaide, 1967:- Th… The explorations of Stuart eventually resulted in the 1863 annexation of a huge area of country to the Government of South Australia. [2]:289, He decided to return to Great Britain in April 1864. He was a famous Australian explorer with one Australia’s major highways named after him. In 1871â72 the Australian Overland Telegraph Line was constructed along Stuart's route. 20721, citing Kensal Green Cemetery, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Greater London, England ; Maintained by Find A Grave . Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for John McDouall Stuart (7 Sep 1815–5 Jun 1866), Find a Grave Memorial no. [2]:80 They were able to continue and found more springs, which Stuart named Freeling Springs, after Major Freeling, a South Australian politician. That night, with even the indefatigable Kekwick complaining of weakness, the explorers abandoned their attempt to reach the north coast and reluctantly turned south. Stuart and Chambers plans for the trip were not accepted by the government. Stuart returned to his trade as a private surveyor, spending more and more time in remote areas, and moving to Port Lincoln for several years before moving again to the northern Flinders Ranges where he worked for the wealthy pastoralists William Finke, James Chambers, and John Chambers, exploring, prospecting for minerals, and surveying pastoral leases. Stuart's friends and sponsors, James & John Chambers and Finke, asked the government to put up £1,000 to equip an expedition to be led by Stuart. JOHN McDOUALL STUART Waterhouse was born on 3 Oct 1902 . Stuart wrote: In fact the mountain became known as Central Mount Stuart after Stuart himself, not his mentor Sturt, and geographers no longer regard it as the true centre of Australia. Stuart worked for three years on the edges of the settled areas, measuring the land and dividing it into farm blocks. The horses' shoes had worn out in the rocks around the Davenport Range. [5] He then set off for the Spring of Hope. [8] This was the apex of the age of heroic exploration. John McDouall Stuart (7 September 1815 – 5 June 1866), often referred to as simply "McDouall Stuart", was a Scottish explorer and one of the most accomplished of all Australia's inland explorers. They got on the train at Kapunda and arrived in Adelaide on 17 December 1862. With William Darton Kekwick and two other men, they took 12 horses and explored the west side of Lake Eyre. Sep. 7, 1815. Educated at the Scottish Naval and Military Academy in Edinburgh, he came to South Australia in … Educated at Edinburgh, first privately and later at the Military Academy, he entered into business in Scotland, but emigrated to South Australia in 1838. Finke paid him to find out if the land north of Lake Torrens would be suitable for sheep. John McDouall Stuart was born in September 1815 at Dysart, Fife. Stuart needed to return to Chambers Creek to re-survey his claims. 933, on 5 April 1860.[14]. Invented only a few decades earlier, the technology had matured rapidly and a global network of undersea and overland cables was taking shape. On the following day Stuart raised there the flag he had received from Elizabeth Chambers and named the bay there after her Chambers Bay, a name it still carries today. The South Australian government, however, ignored Stuart and instead sponsored an expedition led by Alexander Tolmer, which failed miserably, failing to travel beyond the settled districts. Birthplace. The only food they took was flour, dried beef (jerky), tea, sugar and tobacco. [12] On a tall tree branch they raised a Union Jack flag with Stuart's name embroided on it which had been made by Chamber's daughter, Elizabeth. [4] They reached the Finke River, the MacDonnell Ranges, and the strange rock formation Stuart called Chambers Pillar. Stuart took over as leader when Sturt became blind and too ill to lead the group. [2]:77 They continued north west and searched for gold in the Davenport Range. Stuart joined the group as a draftsman, who would draw up the maps. [2]:208 From here Stuart again looked for a way to go north west to the Victoria River, but he was unable to find water. Educated at Edinburgh and attended the Scottish Naval and Military Academy and later graduated as a civil engineer. With the food running out, the men becoming sick, and horses in poor condition, Stuart again decided to return to Adelaide. A four-day excursion to the north-west found no water at all and they had to retreat. Places named after Stuart include: A statue by James White honouring Stuart can be found in Victoria Square, Adelaide, while in Darwin, both a statue and a monument celebrate his achievements. The worst of the country was now behind them and they were only about 800 km from the coast. Stuart joined Charles Sturt's Central Australian Expedition to search for an inland sea in August 1844. He arrived in South Australia in 1838 where he entered the government survey department. Meanwhile, Stuart was entangled with other problems. The government prevaricated and quibbled about cost, personnel, and ultimate control of the expedition, but eventually agreed to contribute ten armed men and £2,500; and put Stuart in operational command. Their clothes were only torn rags and their bodies were covered in bruises caused by scurvy. The Surveyor General of South Australia, Stuart's superior officer, was the famous explorer Captain Charles Sturt, who had already solved the mystery of the inland-flowing rivers of New South Wales, in the process reaching and naming the Darling River, travelling the full length of the Murrumbidgee, and tracing the Murray to the sea. In March 1860, with Kekwick, Benjamin Head and 13 horses, Stuart left Chambers Creek and headed north. The Chambers Creek survey complete, Stuart explored to the north again, aiming to reach the border between South Australia and what is now the Northern Territory (at that time still a part of New South Wales). [2]:31, It took Stuart nearly a year to recover from the expedition. Stuart soon found employment with the colony's Surveyor-General, working in the semi-arid scrub of the newly settled districts marking out blocks for settlers and miners. Birthday. [3], Stuart learned from his trip with Sturt that large groups were not able to move quickly through the dry Australian lands. [4] The Warrumunga threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to the grass. Nevertheless, the party pressed on at Stuart's customary rapid pace. Central Mount Stuart, which he reckoned to be the geographical centre of Australia, he had designated "Central Mount Sturt" to honour his friend Charles Sturt. [4] The hot weather made it hard to find water and many waterholes from his earlier trips were dry. The difficulty was obvious: the proposed route was not only remote and (so far as European settlers were concerned) uninhabited, it was simply a vast blank space on the map. In February Stuart sent back two men with five horses. [2]:37 Finke and Chambers were rich men and they paid Stuart to explore for them. Belatedly, even the South Australian government started to recognise Stuart's abilities, and was honoured with a public breakfast at White's Rooms in Adelaide. The public and the newspapers began to talk about a race across the continent of Australia. They hoped this would be a route for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line that would connect Australia to the line that came from Europe. He died in London two years later, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. [4] Stuart and Kekwick climbed the hill and raised the British flag. After giving the horses a week to recover, they tried heading due north. This meant that for the first time, Australians could communicate quickly with the rest of the world. He was unable to speak for several days and the men thought he was going to die. On reaching the settled areas, Stuart learned that his friend and partner, James Chambers had died. Stuart's sixth expedition was officially launched at James Chambers' home at North Adelaide on 23 October 1861. He studied to be an engineer and surveyor. [1] Adelaide had only been settled for two years and was mainly still a tent city. John McDouall Stuart was a Scottish explorer of Australia in the 19th century, Wikimedia 11. He named a small hill near the spot Mount Sturt, after Charles Sturt. It is claimed that he was a member of Stephen Hack's expedition of May and June 1857[2] looking for grazing country north and west of Streaky Bay and a private expedition to Lake Gairdner with Anthony Forster (later to become editor of The Register) in 1858. He followed the Adelaide River, but when the ground became too soft and muddy, they went further north to the Mary River and eventually reached the sea. The official South Australian government explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage followed Stuart's maps and went to Chambers Creek. This page was last changed on 20 January 2021, at 04:34. He wrote "...I think it would be madness and folly to attempt more. Among those who shared Stuart's travails were: The north-west of South Australia was at that time unexplored, but is now known to be so lacking in water and soil fertility that it remains unsettled to this day. He gave up trying to reach the Victoria River. Stuart wrote that the flag would be a sign to the Aborigines "...that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them. [2]:116 He found another artesian mound spring, more than 30 m (98 ft) in height, which he named William Springs,[2]:120 after one of Chamber's sons. Stuart is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian lizard, Ctenotus stuarti.[18]. They had completed a journey of 2,400 km (1,491 mi) in four months. - He spent more time in the field and explored more land than any other explorer without the loss of a man. At Mount Hay in central Australia, they were again attacked by Aboriginal warriors, but they were no match for the group's guns and several may have been killed.[2]:241. Born in Dysart, Fife, Scotland, Stuart was the youngest of nine children. On 9 June he reached a territory that had already been mapped and on 1 July the Mary River. In 1839, Stuart moved to Adelaide, South Australia, and began work as a surveyor. Many years of hard conditions combined with malnutrition, scurvy, trachoma and other illnesses had rendered him practically blind, in pain and in such poor health that he spent some (900 km) of the return journey of his last expedition (1861â1862) being carried on a litter between two horses. They were the first Europeans to enter central Australia. [13] He died in London on 5 June 1866 from a stroke and was buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery. [2]:176 Could Stuart, experienced and used to moving quickly, beat the better equipped, but very slow moving Burke and Wills expedition. In June 1904, a statue of Stuart was put up in Adelaide. The key attributes that made Stuart one, if not the best inland explorer, include: - He had exceptional dead reckoning and navigational skills that enabled him to understand exactly where he was. The government needed to have maps so that land could be sold or leased. Stuart and A.C. Gregory were arguably Australiaâs greatest inland explorers. Like Sturt (and unlike some of the other Australian explorers) Stuart generally got on well with the Aboriginal people he encountered but he was unable to negotiate with this group and considered it unsafe to continue. On 6 January 1860, with his food supplies getting low, and two of the men refusing to go any further, Stuart once again returned home. Stuart was soon forced to send two men and the five weakest horses back. [2]:27, In the hot dry climate of summer, the group remained trapped at the waterhole for seven months. [2]:78 They were valuable because they provided reliable water for people and animals moving north to Chambers Creek. John McDouall Stuart, one of the most important people associated with South Australian exploration, was born in Dysart, Fifeshire, Scotland, on 7 September 1815. [1] His father, William Stuart, had been a captain in the British Army. With Chambers dead, he no longer had a job. He was drinking a lot of alcohol and none of his friends would give him any help. Here they rested for a week before Stuart led a scouting party north, finding good water for the main body to move up to. After their failures with Babbage and Tolmer's expeditions, the South Australian government now believed that Stuart would succeed if he had enough support. Only … He explored much of the surrounding area hoping to find gold. You are welcome to reproduce any material from this website, providing that acknowledgement is made. [5] Stuart said the land was "...dreary, dismal, dreadful desert. Herrgott found a group of 12 artesian springs, which Stuart named after him. Over the next two weeks Stuart made three more attempts to find a practicable route over the plains to the north-west, but without success. Educated at Edinburgh and attended the Scottish Naval and Military Academy and later graduated as a civil engineer. From here, however, progress seemed impossible. 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